Match the words in each of these sets with their definitions.
hepatomegaly
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pertaining to the intestine and liver
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hepatectomy
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enlargement of the liver
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hepatoma
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tumour of the liver
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enterohepatic
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excision of the liver
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hepatotropic
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acting on the liver
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cholaemia
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stoppage of bile excretion
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icterus
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presence of bile in the blood
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cholestasis
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vomiting
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cholangiography
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X-ray study of the bile ducts
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emesis
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jaundice
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choledochal
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condition of having gallstones
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cholemesis
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pertaining to the common bile duct
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cholelithiasis
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vomiting of bile
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cholangiectasis
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crushing of a biliary calculus
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cholelithotripsy
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dilation of bile ducts
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Fill in the gaps with the words from the table. Read and translate the text.
salts, faeces, fat-soluble, gall, byproduct, inorganic, depression, derivation, prevalent, lipids, bactericides, duodenum, acid, fluid, food, haemoglobin
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Bile or __________ is a bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish brown _________, produced by the liver of most vertebrates that aids the process of digestion of ___________ in the small intestine. In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the __________. Bile is a composition of the following materials: water (85%), bile _______ (10%), mucus and pigments (3%), fats (1%), ______salts (0.7%) and cholesterol (0.3%).
In the medical theories ___________ in the West from Classical Antiquity up to the Middle Ages, the body’s health depended on the equilibrium between four “humours” or vital fluids: blood, phlegm, “yellow bile” (or choler) and “black bile”. Excesses of the last two humours were thought to produce aggression and ___________, respectively; and the Greek names for them gave rise to the English words “cholera” and “melancholia”. Those same theories explain the __________ of the English word “bilious” from “bile”, and the meaning of “gall” in English as “exasperation” or “impudence”.
Bile acts to some extent as a surfactant, helping to emulsify the fats in the ________. Without bile salts, most of the lipids in the food would be passed out in ___________, undigested.
Since bile increases the absorption of fats, it is an important part of the absorption of the _________ substances, such as the vitamins D, E, K and A.
Besides its digestive function, bile serves also as the route of excretion for bilirubin, a __________ of red blood cells recycled by the liver. Bilirubin derives from _________ by glucuronidation.
The alkaline bile also has the function of neutralizing any excess stomach __________ before it enters the ileum, the final section of the small intestine. Bile salts also act as ___________, destroying many of the microbes that may be present in the food.
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