Test 130
The cardinal sign of inflammation called rubor is mainly the result of
Decreased interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Decreased vascular permeability of capillaries
Increased vascular permeability of venules
Vasoconstriction of muscular arteries
Vasodilation of arterioles
Test 131
During the early stages of the inflammatory response, histamine-induced increased vascular permeability is most likely to occur in
Arteries
Precapillary arterioles
Capillaries
Postcapillary venules
Veins
Test 132
Which one of the listed statements best describes the process called chemotaxis?
Abnormal fusion of phagosomes to primary lysosomes
Attachment of chemicals to extracellular material to increase phagocytosis
Dilation of blood vessels by chemotherapeutic drugs
Movement of cells toward a certain site or source
Transmigration of cells from blood vessels into tissue
Test 133
A 3-year-old boy presents with recurrent bacterial and fungal infections primarily involving his skin and respiratory tract. Physical examination reveals the presence of oculocutaneous albinism. Examination of peripheral blood smear reveals large granules within neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. The total neutrophil count is found to be decreased. Further workup reveals ineffective bactericidal capabilities of neutrophil due to defective fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes. What is the correct diagnosis?
Agammaglobulinemia of Bruton
Chédiak-Higashi syndrome
Chronic granulomatous disease
DiGeorge’ s syndrome
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Test 134
Which one of the listed substances is produced by the action of lipoxygenase on arachidonic acid, is a potent chemotactic factor for neutrophils, and causes aggregation and adhesion of leukocytes?
C5a
Prostacyclin
IL-8
Thromboxane A2
Leukotriene B4
Test 135
During acute inflammation, histamine-induced increased vascular permeability causes the formation of exudates (inflammatory edema).Which one of the listed cell types is the most likely source of the histamine that causes the increased vascular permeability?
Endothelial cells
Fibroblasts
Lymphocytes
Mast cells
Neutrophils
Test 136
What type of leukocyte actively participates in acute inflammatory processes and contains myeloperoxidase within its primary (azurophilic) granules and alkaline phosphatase in its secondary (specific) granules?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Test 137
Which one of the listed changes correctly describes the pathophysiology involved in the production of pulmonary edema in patients with congestive heart failure?
Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
Endothelial damage
Increased hydrostatic pressure
Increased vascular permeability
Lymphatic obstruction
Test 138
An I8-year-old college student comes to the student health clinic because of an 8-h history of a severe headache and "stiff neck." She says that two other students in her dormitory have similar symptoms. Her temperature is 39.3°C (IO2.8°F). Physical examination shows nuchal rigidity and palpable purpura on her trunk and lower extremities. Gram stain analysis of cerebrospinal fluid obtained by a lumbar puncture shows Gram-negative intra-cellular diplococci. Which of the following types of inflammation is most likely associated with this patient's neurologic condition?
Cytopathic inflammation
Exudative inflammation
Granulomatous inflammation
Interstitial inflammation
Necrotizing inflammation
Test 139
A 69-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a 7-d history of fever, cough, chills, and pleuritic chest pain. She says that her sputum was initially a rust color, but it has been more yellowish over the past few days. Diffuse rales are heard on auscultation. A chest x-ray shows patchy infiltrates. A Gram stain of a sputum sample reveals Gram-positive diplococci. Which of the following is the most likely tissue response to this infectious organism?
Acute inflammatory response with neutrophils
Cell killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Diffuse mononuclear interstitial infiltrate
Granulomatous inflammation with lymphocytes and macrophages
Severe tissue damage and extensive cell death
Test 140
There are lots of neutrophils in an abdominal exudate in a patient with peritonitis. Which is the main function of neutrophils in an inflammation area?
Phagocytosis
Prostaglandins secretion
Degranulation
Histamine liberation
Local blood flow regulation
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